Variation of brachiocephalic muscle in a dog / 동물의과학연구지

The brachiocephalic muscle in domestic mammals is formed as a homology of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the clavicular part of the deltoid muscle since it results from reduction of the clavicle as a clavicular intersection. The cranial insertions of the brachiocephalic muscle vary among species in domestic mammals. In the dog, the brachiocephalic muscle comprises three parts, which arise from the clavicular intersection and insert at the humerus, the dorsal cervical raphe, and the mastoid process of the temporal bone. These three parts are named the cleidobrachial muscle, the cervical part of the cleidocephalic muscle, and the mastoid part of the cleidocephalic muscle, respectively. This complexity could confuse veterinarians and complicate surgical procedures in this area. Information about the normal structure of this muscle, and any variation therein, would help to avoid such situations. During dissections of a male cross-breed dog, we found that the brachiocephalic muscle had two bellies located on the mastoid part of the cleidocephalic muscle that extended from the clavicular intersection to the wing of the atlas and the mastoid process of the temporal bone. They were innervated by the accessory nerve and the ventral branches of the second, third, and fifth cervical nerves, and they were supplied by the ascending branch of the superficial cervical artery. These bellies were considered to be a rare variation of the muscle. This is the second report of a brachiocephalic muscle variation in a dog, in which the mastoid part of the cleidocephalic muscle was made of two bellies inserted independently. Such variations should be considered during anatomical dissections and surgical procedures.

Anatomy of the diaphyseal nutrient foramen in the long bones of the pectoral limb of German Shepherds / 대한수의학회지

This study investigated the anatomy of the nutrient foramen (NF) in German Shepherds by recording the number, site, position, and direction of penetration of the nutrient canal (NC) in the humerus, radius, and ulna of 50 individuals. The site index of the nutrient foramen (SI) was calculated as the ratio of the length to the NF site from the proximal end to the greatest length of the bone. The NF diameter was measured using different sized needles. Most humeri had only one NF on the caudal surface, particularly on the lateral supracondylar crest, or distal cranial surface. All radii had one NF, usually on the caudal surface, while most ulnae had one NF located on either the cranial or lateral surfaces. The SI and NF diameters were 58.0~59.5% and 0.73~0.78 mm in the humerus, 30.4~30.9% and 0.74~0.76 mm in the radius, and 29.3~29.8% and 0.67~0.68 mm in the ulna, respectively. With the exception of the relatively proximal NF of the radius, the direction of penetration followed Berard's rule. This study provides novel information on the location and diameter of the NF and direction of the NC in the long bones of the pectoral limb of German Shepherds.

Anatomy of the diaphyseal nutrient foramen in the long bones of the pectoral limb of German Shepherds / 대한수의학회지

This study investigated the anatomy of the nutrient foramen (NF) in German Shepherds by recording the number, site, position, and direction of penetration of the nutrient canal (NC) in the humerus, radius, and ulna of 50 individuals. The site index of the nutrient foramen (SI) was calculated as the ratio of the length to the NF site from the proximal end to the greatest length of the bone. The NF diameter was measured using different sized needles. Most humeri had only one NF on the caudal surface, particularly on the lateral supracondylar crest, or distal cranial surface. All radii had one NF, usually on the caudal surface, while most ulnae had one NF located on either the cranial or lateral surfaces. The SI and NF diameters were 58.0~59.5% and 0.73~0.78 mm in the humerus, 30.4~30.9% and 0.74~0.76 mm in the radius, and 29.3~29.8% and 0.67~0.68 mm in the ulna, respectively. With the exception of the relatively proximal NF of the radius, the direction of penetration followed Berard's rule. This study provides novel information on the location and diameter of the NF and direction of the NC in the long bones of the pectoral limb of German Shepherds.

The Effect of an Obesity Control Program on Body Composition and Blood Lipid Level among Middle-aged Obese Women in a Health Center

PURPOSE: The Purpose of this study was to examine an obesity control program using dietary consult and physical exercise among middle-aged obese women in a health center. METHOD: This study used a pretest-posttest design. The subjects were 63 middle-aged women with over BMI 25(Kg/m2) or %BF 28 who participated in the obesity control program for 12 weeks. RESULTS: After the program for 12 weeks, BMI(p= .02) and TC(p= .00) decreased significantly compared with those before the program. CONCLUSION: Obesity control programs in health centers can decrease the degree of obesity in middle-aged obese women. Therefore health centers should develop strategies for their members' continuous participation in such an obesity control program.